Foot and Mouth Disease

Foot and Mouth Disease
It is locally known as Mo khur in Pakistan and India. It causes more losses in Cattle as compared to buffalo.  Mostly cattle’s and exotic breeds are susceptible. Mouth lesions are more sever in Cattle and foot lesion are more sever in buffalo. 1992 study showed that cattle are more susceptible. It is not fatal but cause economic loss. Viral disease having febrile condition also contagious disease of Cloven Footed. It is characterized by vesicular eruption of cloven footed. Vesicular eruption of tongue, muzzle, teeth, udder, soft palate and dental pad.
Etiology of FMD
It is viral disease belonged to Family Picornaviridae and have Genus Apovirus.

·         7-Serotypes A, O, C, Asia 1,SAT1,SAT2,SAT3

·         A,O,C world wide spread

·         Asia 1 in Asia

·         SAT 1,2,3 in South Africa Territories

·         A, O, C and Asia 1 in Pakistan

·         Mostly serotype-O present in Pakistan

·         Morbidity 100 %

·         Mortality rate in Calf 20%& in Adult 2%

·         Transmission: secretion and excretion of body e.g Saliva, Urine, Aerosol up to 250 km and by direct contact.

·         Most important character of FMD is that virus is produced in large amount in infected animal and present in all secretion and excretion of animal includes urine, feces, exhaled air that is why it is contagious disease.

·         Virus present mostly in Oro-Pharynx for 2-3year in carrier animal

·         In milk 3-7wks

·         Survive in fecal for 14days in summer.

·         In Slurry 6 month.

·         In Urine 39days

·         In soil in summer 3days and in winter 28day.

·         Camel are Resistant to Natural infection specially Smaller camilides such as Alpacas, Lamas.

Susceptible Animals: Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat.
Survivability of Virus:
Its normal pH is 7.2-7.4. If pH increase up to 8 or less than 5 than virus will be dead. This virus infect human for this we should take care and low parturition. Heat at 56C for 15sec kills this virus. Sodium Hydroxide or Sodium Carbonate 4% solution are effective for kill. Acidic or Alkaline solution is effective for killing.
Pathogensis of FMD;

1.      Entry of virus through oral or inhalation route

2.      This go into oro-pharynx

3.      Swelling of Retropharyngeal Lymph node

4.      Multiplication in the Lymph node and then transferred to Blood

5.      Viremia occur when present blood.

6.      Again in oro-pharynx

7.      Cross stratified columnar epithelium

8.      Form vesicle and rupture within 48hrs

9.      Vesical present buccal cavity, tongue, udder, teat, foot region

10.  Vesical eruption than ulcer form.

11.  Viremia persist for 3day

Clinical Signs of Foot and Mouth Disease:

·         Interval period is 3-6Days

·         Fever up to 105 F

·         Sudden drop in milk production some time Aglectia (no milk)

·         Anorexia

·         Painful stomatitis

·         Profuse salivation, Stringy saliva, drooling of saliva

·         Vesicle rupture after 24-48 hr change into ulcer and leaving painful condition healing start within 1 week.

·         1st vesical appear on mouth than on foot

·         On foot vesical appear on interdigital space or Cornet region

·         After eruption more chance of 2ndary bacterial infection like staphylococcus.

Prevalent Period: 6 months. Below 6th month of age it appears as Acute Myocardial infection which causes myocarditis and sudden death in calves. In Calves sudden onset of dyspnea, convulsion and death. Some time it disturbs the other system. If GIT infected than diarrhea, dysentery, 50%wt loss. Some time it disturb the Endocrine Damage mostly Hypothalamus and it demage the Thermo regularity system than body temperature may rise or low. Lack of heat tolerance. Increase Hair formation on skin animal not bear high temperature and show panting.
Economic Importance:

·         Milk Production decrease, sometimes Aglectia.

·         In 2006 2 -million rupees loss in Pakistan.

·         Production loss 1-directly 2-indirectly

Diagnosis:

·         Clinical Findings

·         Laboratory Test like ELISA, CFT (complement fixation test), VNT (virus neutralizing test), T.C (tissue culture), AGPT (agar gel precipitation test) and FAT (fluorescent antibody test).

Treatment and Vaccination
No Specific Rx. Isolate the Sick animal with separate feeding and watering utensils. Wash the mouth of animal with 2% Alum solution or 1: 1000 dilution of Potassium per magnate KMnO4. Sodium hydroxide, Povidine (external surface),
Ointment for vesicle

·         Alum 1 tea spoon

·         Potassium Chlorate 1 tea spn

·         Boric acid 1 tea spon

Xylocain injection with 2% adrenalin 15ml injected
Smear on vesicle (mouth) three time a day
2% solution of CuSO4 washes feet lesion then smear with Povidine or Tincture Iodine
Antibiotic

·         Tribacteril (Trimethoprin + Sulphadiazine) 20ml I.M for 4days in adult buffalo and cattle

·         Broad spectrum antibiotic.

·         Dipyrone (antipyretic) 25ml IM. Cold water therapy for fever can also be used.

·         Multivitamins(AD3E) 15ml I.M

·         Soft diet (Leafy) should be given

·         Protect lesion from flies to avoid maggots because maggots can produce lesions.

Ethno veterinary Practices.

·         Hot bread (Roti) with butter is offered which will rupture the vesicles

·         Walk on hot Sand or floor

·         Water from tanneries is applied on vesicles. It will dry vesicles

If disease come than we can also use serum. If not come than Prophylactic vaccine done

·         In Large Animal February and September

·         In Small animal April and October.

·         5cc in Large Animal 3cc in Small Animal

·         FMV trade name of vaccine and Aftabian-Ghazi Company

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Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease)

Bacillary Haemoglobin (Red Water Disease)
Bacillary Haemoglobin is an acute, infectious, toxemic disease caused by Clostridium haemolyticum. It affects primarily cattle but has also been found in sheep and rarely in dogs. Clostridium haemolyticum it provides hemolytic toxins (lysis of blood). These are spore forming Bacteria. This is G+ve and anaerobic bacteria. It is found in liver of infected animal. Whenever animal ingest organism it is lodged in liver. Association of this disease is with poorly drained pasture or more irrigated pasture because of presence of liver fluke or snail in summer and autumn.
Pathogenesis of Bacillary Haemoglobin;

1.      Organism is ingested through contaminated fee.

2.      It enters into animal body and lodges in liver.

3.      It may occur due to Liver fluke invasion which infect area due to necrosis of liver tissue or portal vein and thrombus formation occurs.

4.      It may also cause due to Fuse bacterium necrobacillosis or due to cysticercus infection

5.      These all things make anaerobic environment which favourable site for bacterial growth.

6.      These infected areas are site for proliferation of Clostridium.

7.      These bacteria produce Hemolytic toxins and go into blood which cause systemic toxemia and also cause vascular damage.

Clinical Signs of Red water in cows and Sheep:

·         Fever ( 106 F)but in terminal stages sub normal temp

·         Off feed

·         Anorexia

·         Weak and anaemic animal

·         Jaundice

·         Abortion can occur

·         Blood in urine (Hemoglobinuria)

·         Dark red colour urine.

Differential Diagnosis

1.      Hematuria:

·         Intact blood in urine

·         This condition develops in kidney infection or in trauma of urogenital tract.

·         In this case RBCs will settle down at bottom.

2.      Post parturient Haemoglobin urea:

·         Lysed blood in this case.

·         No toxemia occurs

·         It is caused by deficiency of phosphorus.

·         Oxidant are more in amount in feed

·         Fever not occur

·         Non responsive to Antibiotic.

·         Urine colour Chocolate in this case.

·         If phosphorus deficiency then wall of RBC will become fragile as phosphorus is require for the formation of cell wall. When it break down the RBC will be lysed and come to urine

3.      Theiler's disease and Babesia:

·         Lysed blood

·         Parasite present in blood smears when staining with Giemsa stain.

·         Dark yellow colour

·         When parasites are present in RBC smear then animal suffer with fever and when RBCs burst fever fall down. So intermittent fever occurs and they are not treated with Antibiotics.

·         Animal will not respond to Antibiotic.

Treatment of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria;

1)      1st specific and immediate treatment:

·         Antitoxic serum

·         Penicillin 20000-40000 I U/kg

·         Tetracycline 6-10 m g/kg

·         This upper Rx use in Large animal

·         By this Rx Hemoglobinuria disappear within 12hrs.

2)      Supportive Rx:

·         Blood Transfusion

·         Fluid therapy

·         Haemopiotic drugs (Fe or Cu)

·         Liver Tonic (Hepamer)

Control:

·         Vaccination done at 4-6 week before expected season

·         Pasture management.

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Vitamin Used for Growth Promoter

Vitamin Used for Growth Promoter
Vitamin;
Vitamins are organic compounds require by an organism as vital nutrient in limited amount. Vitamins are group of substance that are essential for normal cell function, growth and development.
Vitamins are 2-types

1.      Fat soluble (vit A, D, E, K)

2.      Water soluble (vit C, B-complex)

A.    Fat soluble vitamin

These vitamins stored in body fat. There are 9-water soluble vitamins.

B.     Water soluble vitamin

All water soluble vit excreted from body through urine. Vitamin B12 only water soluble vit which Store in Liver for many year

Function of vitamin:

a)      Vitamin A: (Ratinol)

·         Help in epithelization, teeth, bones, soft tissue.

·         Obtain from animal origon (milk product, egg yolk, liver)

·         Formed in body by B. carotene.

·         From vegetable origin (cabbage, lettuce, carrot)

b)     Vitamin B1:(Thiamin)

·         Carbohydrate metabolism strength nerve and heart.

c)      Vitamin B2:(Riboflavin)

·         Help in formation of RBC &Body growth

·         Important for tissue respiration

·         Sources; Liver, milk, egg.

d)     Vitamin B3:(Niacin)

·         Also called nicotinic acid.

·         Healthy skin nerve.

e)      Vitamin B5: (Pantothenic Acid)

·         Hormones level control and also cholesterols level control

·         Play important role in transfer acetyl group in body

f)       Vitamin B6: (pyridoxin)

·         RBC formation,

·         Brain functioning enhance

g)      Vitamin B12: (cyanocobalamin)

·         Maintain CNS

·         Sources; Liver, fish, egg

h)     Biotin:

·         Help in protein&CH2O metabolism. Also help in production of hormones and cholesterol.

·         Fat metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis

·         Sources; egg yolk and liver.

i)        Folic Acid:

·         Metabolic role of this is interdepended with Vitamin B12.

·         Help in nucleic acid formation, both require in rapidly growing cell.

·         Sources; yeast extract, liver, leafy vegetable

j)       Vitamin C:(Ascorbic acid)

·         Stress condition, healing, gum, teeth.

·         Sources; Potato, orange.

k)     Vitamin D:

·         cheapest vitamin, help in Calcium absorption from intestine and Calcium deposition in bone, teeth, bone strengthen.

l)        Vitamin E:

·         Also Called Tocopherol and tocotrienols.

·         It is given wit selenium

·         Antioxidant, RBC formation

·         Sources; oil, egg, butter, whole meal cereal.

m)   Vitamin K: (menaquinone)

·         Blood clotting (by forming Prothrombin in liver)

·         Made in large intestine

·         Leafy vegetable and meat

Dose rate of vitamin per day;

·         B 1-50 mg/kg

·         B 2-25 mg/kg

·         B 3-11 mg/kg

·         B 6-30 mg/kg

·         B 9-15 mg/kg

·         B 12-9-22 mg/kg

Food Source of Vitamins;

·         Vit A: green vegetable

·         Vit D: sunlight, fish

·         Vit E: green vegetables, plant and seed oil

·         Vit K: liver, beef, green vegetables and oil

·         Vit B: egg, leguminous plant, meat, green plant

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VACCINATION Schedules for All Animals

VACCINATION Schedules for All Animals

VACCINATION – General Principles and Schedules;

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate adaptive immunity to a disease.

General Principles of Vaccination

Vaccination involves the administration of antigen to stimulate the immune system to produce specific antibodies against viral, bacterial, and protozoan disease. Vaccination program should be based on the following considerations:

·         Diseases prevalent in the area of operation Risk of exposure.

·         Immune status of parent stocks.

·         Cost of acquisition and administration of vaccines Herd/Flock placement programs

·         Availability of specific vaccines

·         Cost benefit ratio associated with vaccination taking into account the risk of infection and financial losses from disease.

·         The ideal vaccine would be safe, effective on challenge, and have no undesirable side effects.

Vaccination Schedule for Cattle/Buffalo

Disease	Vaccine	Time for vaccination	Dose rate
Haemorrhagic	HS (VRI)	May/June and	5 ml / 300 kg
Septicemia (HS)		November/December
	HS (NIAB)	Before rainy season	3 ml (large animal)
			2 ml (small animal)
Black Quarter	BQ	March/April	5-10 ml
Anthrax	Anthrax	August	1 ml
Rinderpest	Rinderpest	1st injection at 6 mo & 2nd at	1 ml
		2 yrs of age
FMD	FMD (VRI)	February/March and	1 ml / 100 kg
		September/October
	FMD (Marial)	At start of winter season	3 ml (large animal)
			2 ml (small animal)
Rabies	Rabies	Post exposure	32 ml daily for 14
			Days
Vaccination Schedule for Sheep/Goat

Disease	Vaccine	Time for vaccination	Dose rate
Enterotoxemia	Enterotoxemia	January and July	2-3 ml
Anthrax	Anthrax	February or Rainy season	0.5 ml
Sheep Pox / Goat	Sheep Pox / Goat	March and September	1 ml S/C or
Pox	Pox		0.5 ml IM
FMD	FMD	February and August	1-3 ml S/C
Pleuro-pneumonia	Pleuro-pneumonia	October/November	1 ml S/C
Rabies	Rabies	Post exposure	10 ml daily for 7 days

Vaccination Schedule for Dogs

Age	Vaccination
6-8 week	Hexa dog (CD, canine hepatitis, parvovirus,
	leptospirosis (two types), parainfluenza)
9-12 week	Booster dose of hexa dog
12 + week	Rabies vaccination
13-16 week	Repeat hexa dog + rabies vaccination
Repeat it annually

Vaccination Schedule for Cats

Age	Vaccination
8 week	Falovac® (Feline rhinotrachitis, feline panleukopenia,
	feline calcivirus)
12 week	Repeat Falovac®
16 week	Rabies + booster of Falovac®

Rabies Vaccination

Pre exposure: Duramine^® Trimune^®

Post-exposure: Rabicin^® Rabvec^® Nobivac^®, Eravac^®

Brand Names of Vaccines and Companies

Injection: Duramine^® 1 ml vial (S/C) Fortdige Company

Injection: Rabicin or Rabvec^® 1ml or 10 ml vial (S/C) Ghazi Brother Company

Injection: Falovac^® 1 ml vial (S/C)

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