Bloat in cow/ Tympany in cow

 ✓BLOAT🐄🐄

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Bloat is an over distention of the rumen and reticulum with the gases of fermentation.Tympany is caused by a physical or functional obstruction or stenosis of esophagus resulting in failure to eructate .

In adult animals, free-gas bloat is less frequent and usually more acute because disturbances of the adult rumen tend to be more rapid and severe .Prodigious volumes of gas are continually generated in the rumen through the process of microbial fermentation. Normally, the bulk of this gas is eliminated by eructation or belching, which ruminants are spend a lot of time doing. Certainly, anything that interferes with eructation will cause major problems for a ruminant. The problem, of course, is called ruminal tympany or, simply, bloatBloat is the overdistension of the rumen and reticulum with gases derived from fermentation. The disorder is perhaps most commonly seen in cattle, but certainly is not uncommon in sheep and goats.

                ✓               Clinical Signs. 

                               _______________

2There is discomfort and the animal may stand and lie down frequently, kick at its abdomen and even roll.

3. Frequent defecation and urination are common.

4. Dyspnea is marked and is accompanied by mouth breathing, protrusion of the tongue, salivation and extension of the head.

5. The respiratory rate is increased up to 60/min.

6. Ruminal contractions are usually increased in strength and frequency in the early stages and may be almost continuous, 

            ✓        Treatment and Control

                     _______________________

Bloat is a life threatening condition and must be relieved with haste. For animals in severe distress, rumen gas should be released immediately by emergency rumenotomy. Insertion of a rumen trochar through the left flank into rumen is sometimes advocated, but usually not very effective unless it has a large bore (i.e. 1 inch), and is often followed by complications such as peritonitis.

In less severe cases, a large bore stomach tube should be passed down the esophagus into the rumen. Free gas will readily flow out the tube, although it may need to be repositioned repeatedly to effectively relieve the pressure. In the case of frothy bloat, antifoaming medications can be delivered directly into the rumen through the tube; the animal should then be closely observed to insure that the treatment is effective and the animal begins to belch gas, otherwise a rumenotomy may be indicated.

Use mineral oil 

Charcoals 

Carminatives.

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When Cow should be Inseminated

 When should cows be inseminated?

If cows are inseminated too early the sperm will no longer be viable when they meet the egg; if they're inseminated too late then the reverse will occur.

However, there is more leeway with the former than the latter. The golden rule of timing of insemination remains: inseminate before the cow releases the egg ('ovulation') - we want the sperm to be in the oviduct before the egg gets there.

This means that the timing of insemination is based on predicting when ovulation is likely to occur not when it has occurred. In the cow, ovulation occurs 24 to 32 hours after the start of standing heat; this means that we can tie the timing of insemination to observing heat, with initial research showing that the best conception rates occurred when cows were inseminated  from mid oestrus until 2 to 3  hours after the end of oestrus.

The am/pm rule

This research led to the development of the 'am/pm rule' - where a cow which was seen on heat in the evening was inseminated the next morning, while a cow that was seen on heat in the morning was inseminated the following evening.

However, the modern dairy cow shows heat less intensely (fewer than 50% of cows in oestrus stand to be mounted compared to >70% in the 1980s) and shows it for a shorter period of time (duration of standing oestrus has decreased from an average of 15 hours to 5 hours), so the question is often asked as to whether the am/pm rule needs to be changed.

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Hormonal drugs avaiable in the Pakistani markete

 

Hormonal drugs avaiable in the markete

A) Estrogen Preparations:-

Clinical use: for treating persistent CL, for expelling purulent material from the uterus, retained placenta and

mummified fetus, and for promoting weight gain.

 

1. Stilboesterol Dipropionate:-

Horses: 0.3mg/kg

Ruminants:heat:2-3cc,retained placenta:30-50mg,pyometra 20- 25mg.

Trade Name	Packing	Company
Stilbosterol	10 ml	star

 

2. Estradiol Dipropionate:-

Horses: 1mg/kg (for estrus induction 15mg/kg TD)

Ruminants: 4-10mg/kg Sid IM

Trade name	packing	Company
Agofollin	15 ml	Pfizer

 

 

 

 

B) Progestrone Preparations:-

Clinical Use: For extra supply of progesterone to establish pregnancy,decrease sex desire,estrus synchronization,

Horses: 0.3-0.6 mg/kg

Ruminants

Trade name	Packing	Company
Pregtone	10ml	Selmore Ph.
Progestrone	10ml	Star

 

C) FSH Preparations:-

Clinical Use: For stimulation of follicles,For estrus synchronization

Horses: 10-50mg/kg SD

Ruminants: 5mg/kg TD

Trade name	packing	Company
sigma	2ml,10ml	Sigma Aldrich Co.

 

 

 

D) Prostaglandins Preparations:-Clinical Use: For estrus synchronization, For Follicular and Luteal Cysts,regression of CL.

1. Cloprostinol Sodium:

Horses: 0.1mg/kg TD

Ruminants: 0.5-O.13mg/kg TD

Trade name	packing	Company
prostinol	2ml	Selmore PH
clostinol	2ml	Zaidis Int.
cyclomate	2ml	Star
delmazine	2ml,10ml	Fatro

 

2. Dinoprost Tromethanine(Natural):-

Horses:0.002-0.01mg/kg SD     

Ruminants: 25mg/kg

Trade name	packing	Company
lutalyse	5ml	upJohn

 

E) GnRH Preparations:-

Clinical use:estrus synchronization,induction of ovulation,infertility in females,for lebido in male

 

1. Lecirelin Acetate:

Horses:    0.04 mg/kg                                 

Ruminants:0.02 mg/kg

Trade name	packing	Company
Dalmarelin	2ml	fatro

 

2. Buserelin Acetate:

Horses: 0.04 mg/kg            

Ruminants: 0.02 mg/kg

Trade name	packing	Company
conceptal	2ml	Star

 

F) Oxytocin Preperations:-

Clinical use: To increase uterine contractions during delivery, to aid in the delivery of placenta, to facilitate the involution of uterus, and to induce milk let down.

Horses: Retained Placenta……0.01-0.02 mg/kg

Ruminants: Retained Placenta……0.05-0.1 mg/kg

Milk Let down……….0.025- 0.05 mg/kg

 

Oxytocin LP	1 & 50ml	lawrence
oxytocin	50ml	orient
Oxytocin IPL	50ml	IPL
Oxytocin VP	50ml	venus
Oxytocin KAK	50ml	kakasian
Oxytocin S	50ml	star

 

G) bST Hormone:-

Clinical use:growth hormone so use to increase the milk production and it causes 10-15% increase in milk production.

Notes: High dosages of bST are reported to increase the death rate of calf embryos, so starting a cow on bST during early pregnancy should probably be avoided.

Trade name	company	Recommended dose
Somatech s/c               Boostin	ICI	one syringe every 14 days.Start during the 9th or 10th week after calving and continue until the end of lactation.

 

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Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Synonyms of Bovine Viral Diarrhea are Bovine Peste Virus disease Complex or Mucosal disease virus.
Etiology:
It is cause by virus Peste virus belonging to family Plaviviridae. Virus divided in to 3-catagories

1.      BVD Virus/buffalo

2.      Border disease virus/Sheep

3.      Hog-cholara virus/Swine fever/pig

Peste virus has two biotype.

1.      Non-Cytopathogenic

It infection persist than animal will be carrier, cross placental barrier, come into fetus, as fetus mature virus also mature and convert into cytopathogenic.

2.      Cytopathogenic

Virus enters into cell and cause BVD

Susceptible age: 6-24 month
Epidemiology:
Study of disease upon population
Transmision:
Secretion and excretion, milk, nasal discharge, feces, direct contact, carrier/vector transmission
Two Vector:

a)      Mechanical/Physical---fomites(Utensil)

b)      Biological----Biting flies

Clinical Finding:

·         High Morbidity rate

·         Case Fetality rate low

Sub Clinical Finding:

·         mild fever

·         inappitance

·         leukopenia

·         mild diarrhea

·         spontaneous recovery of this disease in few days

Per-acute Clinical Findings:

·         severe depression

·         respiratory distress

·         enteritis

·         profuse watery diarrhea

·         conjunctivitis

·         dysentery

·         temp up to 106 F

·         aglectia

·         erosion formation in oral cavity

·         pregnant may abort in Last 3rd trimester of pregnancy

Acute Mucosal Disease:

·         sudden onset of this disease

·         morbidity low and mortality high up to 90%

·         drulling of saliva

·         Tachycardia, tachypnea

·         ruminal contraction low and later on Ruminal stasis

·         Profuse watery diarrhea which may contain blood mucous and having foul smellduring defecation animal feel pain

·         on skin mucous discrete erosion later on fuse become large area of Necrosis

·         Erosion inside lips, gum, dental pad, posterior part of hard palate, tongue and commissar.

·         Oral cavity has cooked appearance.

·         Grayish color of oral cavity due to necrosis and necrotic epithelium will be covering deep pink base

·         Mucopurulent nasal discharge

·         If go in Eye profuse lacrimation and corneal edema.

·         it cause Lameness due to 3-reason

1.      Laminitis: inflammation of lamina

2.      Coronitis: inflammation or cornea

3.      Erosion of inter digital space.

·         If diarrhea then weakness occur. Death of animal occur within 5-7 day

Thrombocytopenic or hemorrhagic disease

·         Fever

·         bloody diarrhea

·         Petechial Hemorrhages/Pin Hyphema (bleeding into anterior chamber of eye)

·         Epistaxis(bleeding from nose)

·         bleeding time prolong after injection or bite

Chronic Mucosal disease:

·         inappetence

·         intermittent bolus of diarrhea

·         animal emaciated

·         Chronic tympany and bloat

·         Hoof deformity

·         Chronic erosion in oral cavity

Reproductive Sign:

·         early embryonic death

·         abortion

·         low conception rate

·         fetal mummification

·         Still birth

·         Pre-mature birth

·         Congenital defect(due to cross the placental barrier)

·         weak fetus

·         Stunt growth.

Differential Diagnosis;

1.      Rinderpest

·         morbidity in RP 100 % But in BVD mortality increase and morbidity decrease

·         ulcer formation

·         occur on any age

2.      FMD:

·         Vesical formation

3.      IBR:

4.      MCF: Malignant Cattalic Fever

Treatment

·         No specific Rx

·         Symptomatic Rx

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