Bovine Anaplasmosis

 🔴Bovine Anaplasmosis

🔻Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease of ruminants caused by obligate intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Anaplasma.

🔻Clinical bovine anaplasmosis is usually caused by Anaplasma marginale.

🔻Cattle are also infected with Anaplasma caudatum, which may result in severe disease, and Anaplasma centrale, which generally results in mild disease. 

🔻The tick vectors of anaplasmosis include

1_Boophilus.

2_Dermacentor.

3_Rhipicephalus.

4_Ixodes.

5_Hyalomma.

6_Argas.

7_Ornithodoros genera.

🟡Clinical Symptoms 

🔘Signs include

1_Fever.

2_Progressive anaemia.

3_Icterus.

4_Inapparent in endemic areas and young calves.

🔘Other signs  evident in the later stage include

1_Drop in milk production.

2_Inappetence.

3_Loss of coordination. 4_Breathlessness when exerted.

5_Rapid bounding pulse which are usually evident in the late 

stages.

6_Mucous membranes appear pale and then yellow. 

7_Pregnant cows may abort.

8_Calves are much more resistant to disease (though not infection) than older cattle.

🔬Diagnosis

🔘Microscopical examination of Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films

⭕️Other tests include

1_Complement fixation test.

2_Card agglutination tests used for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis

💊Treatment and Prevention  

🔘Non-drug treatment

💉Supportive therapy may be necessary in dehydration or anaemic animals

💊Drug treatment 

1_Oxytetracycline (LA) 

Or 

2_Chloramphenicol  

Or  

3_Imidocarb dipropionate 

🛡Prevention 

✔️Tick control

🟥Management 

🔘Soft ticks 

🔻All niches and crevices in affected building should be  

sprayed with acaricides. 

🔘Hard ticks 

1_Control of one host-ticks:

🔻Acaricide spray or dip every 21 days however, to control all nymphs, treat every 12 days during tick season.

2_Control of two-host and three-ticks: 

🔻Weekly dipping during the tick season. 

🔘Other control options include:

🔻Cultivation of land, improved drainage, vaccines (recently developed)

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