Zoonotic Infections:Bacterial,Viral,Parasitic,Fungal and Rickettsial
Introduction:
Zoonotic infections can be defined as
infections of animals that are naturally transmissible to humans. As such they
are worldwide and often spread with humans through their companion and domestic
animals. However, when humans move to new area or come into contact with
different animal species, then new zoonoses may emerge or are recognized.
A list of more important/significant
zoonotic infections is given in the following Table which also outlines the
aetiological agent of the disease, its usual animal reservoir host and usual
mode of transmission to humans.
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Disease
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Organism
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Main reservoirs
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Usual mode of
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transmission to humans
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Anthrax
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Bacillus
anthracis
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livestock, wild animals,
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direct contact, ingestion
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environment
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Animal influenza
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influenza
viruses
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livestock, humans
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may be reverse zoonosis
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Avian influenza
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Influenza
virus, avian
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poultry, ducks
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direct contact
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strains
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Bovine tuberculosis
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Mycobacterium
bovis
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cattle
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milk
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Brucellosis
|
Brucella
species
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cattle, goats, sheep, pigs
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dairy products, milk
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Cat scratch fever
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Bartonella
henselae
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cats
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bite, scratch
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Cysticercosis
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Taenia species
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cattle, pigs
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meat
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Cryptosporidiosis
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Cryptosporidium
species
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cattle, sheep, pets
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water, direct contact
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Enzootic abortion
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Chlamydophila
abortus
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farm animals, sheep
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direct contact, aerosol
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Erysipeloid
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Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae
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pigs, fish, environment
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direct contact
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Fish tank granuloma
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Mycobacterium
marinum
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fish
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direct contact, water
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Food poisoning
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Campylobacter
species
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poultry, farm animals
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raw meat, milk
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Salmonella
species
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poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs
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foodborne
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Giardiasis
|
Giardia
lamblia
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humans, wildlife
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waterborne, person to person
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Glanders
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Burkholderia
mallei
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horse, donkey, mule
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direct contact
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Haemorrhagic colitis
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Escherichia
coli O157
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ruminants
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direct contact (and
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foodborne)
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Hantavirus syndromes
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Hantaviruses
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rodents
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aerosol
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Hepatitis E
|
Hepatitis
E virus
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not yet known
|
not yet known
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Hydatid disease
|
Echinococcus
granulosus
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dogs, sheep
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ingestion of eggs excreted
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by dog
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Leptospirosis
|
Leptospira
species
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rodents, ruminants
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infected urine, water
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Listeriosis
|
Listeria
monocytogenes
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cattle, sheep, soil
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dairy produce, meat products
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Louping
ill virus
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sheep, grouse
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direct contact, tick bite
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Lyme disease
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Borrelia
burgdorferi
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ticks, rodents, sheep, deer,
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tick bite
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small mammals
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Lymphocytic
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Lymphocytic
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rodents
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direct contact
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choriomeningitis
|
choriomeningitis
virus
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Orf
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Orf virus
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sheep
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direct contact
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Pasteurellosis
|
Pasteurella
multocida
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dogs, cats, many
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bite/scratch, direct contact
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mammals
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Plague
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Yersinia
pestis
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rats and their fleas
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flea bite
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Psittacosis
|
Chlamydophila
psittaci
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birds, poultry, ducks
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aerosol, direct contact
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Q fever
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Coxiella
burnetii
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cattle, sheep, goats, cats
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aerosol, direct contact, milk,
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fomites
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Rabies
|
Rabies
viruses
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dogs, foxes, bats, cats
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animal bite
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Rat bite fever
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Streptobacillus
moniliformis
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rats
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bite/scratch, milk, water
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(Haverhill fever)
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Rift Valley fever
|
Rift
Valley fever virus
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cattle, goats, sheep
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direct contact, mosquito bite
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Ringworm
|
Dermatophyte fungi
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cats, dogs, cattle, many
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direct contact
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animal species
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Streptococcal sepsis
|
Streptococcus
suis
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pigs
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direct contact, meat
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Streptococcal sepsis
|
Streptococcus
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horses, cattle
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direct contact, milk
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zooepidemicus
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Tickborne encephalitis
|
Tickborne
encephalitis
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rodents, small mammals,
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tickbite, unpasteurised milk
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virus
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livestock
|
products
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Toxocariasis
|
Toxocara
canis/cati
|
dogs, cats
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direct contact
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Toxoplasmosis
|
Toxoplasma
gondii
|
cats, ruminants
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ingestion of faecal oocysts,
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meat
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Trichinellosis
|
Trichinella
spiralis
|
pigs, wild boar
|
pork products
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Tularemia
|
Francisella
tularensis
|
rabbits, wild animals,
|
direct contact, aerosol, ticks,
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environment, ticks
|
inoculation
|
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Zoonotic diphtheria
|
Corynebacterium
ulcerans
|
cattle, farm animals, dogs
|
direct contact, milk
|
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West Nile fever
|
West nile
virus
|
wild birds, mosquitoes
|
mosquito bite
|
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